diff --git a/crates/directory/src/backend/oidc/lookup.rs b/crates/directory/src/backend/oidc/lookup.rs
index 91ff6cb..7d09abf 100644
--- a/crates/directory/src/backend/oidc/lookup.rs
+++ b/crates/directory/src/backend/oidc/lookup.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ impl OpenIdDirectory {
                 self.authenticate_opaque(token).await
             }
             .map_err(|err| match err {
-                OidcError::AuthorizationFailed(reason) => {
+                // inbuxa: DIR-30: a refused token is an authentication
+                // failure and counts toward the sign-in ban; a network,
+                // provider or configuration fault is an error and doesn't
+                OidcError::AuthorizationFailed(reason) | OidcError::TokenValidation(reason) => {
                     AuthEvent::Failed.into_err().reason(reason)
                 }
                 err => AuthEvent::Error.into_err().reason(err),
diff --git a/tests/docker/keycloak/inbuxa-realm.json b/tests/docker/keycloak/inbuxa-realm.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86a2722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/docker/keycloak/inbuxa-realm.json
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+{
+ "realm": "inbuxa",
+ "enabled": true,
+ "registrationAllowed": false,
+ "loginWithEmailAllowed": true,
+ "duplicateEmailsAllowed": false,
+ "sslRequired": "none",
+ "clients": [
+  {
+   "clientId": "stalwart",
+   "enabled": true,
+   "clientAuthenticatorType": "client-secret",
+   "secret": "stalwart-secret",
+   "redirectUris": [
+    "*"
+   ],
+   "webOrigins": [
+    "*"
+   ],
+   "publicClient": false,
+   "protocol": "openid-connect",
+   "directAccessGrantsEnabled": true,
+   "standardFlowEnabled": true,
+   "serviceAccountsEnabled": true,
+   "defaultClientScopes": [
+    "openid",
+    "email",
+    "profile",
+    "roles"
+   ],
+   "protocolMappers": [
+    {
+     "name": "groups",
+     "protocol": "openid-connect",
+     "protocolMapper": "oidc-group-membership-mapper",
+     "consentRequired": false,
+     "config": {
+      "full.path": "false",
+      "id.token.claim": "true",
+      "access.token.claim": "true",
+      "claim.name": "groups",
+      "userinfo.token.claim": "true"
+     }
+    },
+    {
+     "name": "email-claim",
+     "protocol": "openid-connect",
+     "protocolMapper": "oidc-usermodel-attribute-mapper",
+     "consentRequired": false,
+     "config": {
+      "user.attribute": "email",
+      "id.token.claim": "true",
+      "access.token.claim": "true",
+      "claim.name": "email",
+      "userinfo.token.claim": "true",
+      "jsonType.label": "String"
+     }
+    },
+    {
+     "name": "audience",
+     "protocol": "openid-connect",
+     "protocolMapper": "oidc-audience-mapper",
+     "consentRequired": false,
+     "config": {
+      "included.client.audience": "stalwart",
+      "id.token.claim": "false",
+      "access.token.claim": "true"
+     }
+    }
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "clientId": "stalwart-fallback",
+   "enabled": true,
+   "clientAuthenticatorType": "client-secret",
+   "secret": "stalwart-fallback-secret",
+   "redirectUris": [
+    "*"
+   ],
+   "webOrigins": [
+    "*"
+   ],
+   "publicClient": false,
+   "protocol": "openid-connect",
+   "directAccessGrantsEnabled": true,
+   "standardFlowEnabled": true,
+   "serviceAccountsEnabled": true,
+   "defaultClientScopes": [
+    "openid"
+   ],
+   "optionalClientScopes": [
+    "email",
+    "profile",
+    "roles"
+   ],
+   "protocolMappers": [
+    {
+     "name": "email-claim-userinfo-only",
+     "protocol": "openid-connect",
+     "protocolMapper": "oidc-usermodel-attribute-mapper",
+     "consentRequired": false,
+     "config": {
+      "user.attribute": "email",
+      "id.token.claim": "false",
+      "access.token.claim": "false",
+      "claim.name": "email",
+      "userinfo.token.claim": "true",
+      "jsonType.label": "String"
+     }
+    },
+    {
+     "name": "groups-userinfo-only",
+     "protocol": "openid-connect",
+     "protocolMapper": "oidc-group-membership-mapper",
+     "consentRequired": false,
+     "config": {
+      "full.path": "false",
+      "id.token.claim": "false",
+      "access.token.claim": "false",
+      "claim.name": "groups",
+      "userinfo.token.claim": "true"
+     }
+    },
+    {
+     "name": "audience",
+     "protocol": "openid-connect",
+     "protocolMapper": "oidc-audience-mapper",
+     "consentRequired": false,
+     "config": {
+      "included.client.audience": "stalwart",
+      "id.token.claim": "false",
+      "access.token.claim": "true"
+     }
+    }
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "users": [
+  {
+   "username": "john.doe@example.org",
+   "enabled": true,
+   "email": "john.doe@example.org",
+   "emailVerified": true,
+   "firstName": "John",
+   "lastName": "Doe",
+   "credentials": [
+    {
+     "type": "password",
+     "value": "this is an OIDC password",
+     "temporary": false
+    }
+   ],
+   "groups": [
+    "/sales@example.org"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "username": "jane.smith@example.org",
+   "enabled": true,
+   "email": "jane.smith@example.org",
+   "emailVerified": true,
+   "firstName": "Jane",
+   "lastName": "Smith",
+   "credentials": [
+    {
+     "type": "password",
+     "value": "this is an OIDC password",
+     "temporary": false
+    }
+   ],
+   "groups": [
+    "/sales@example.org",
+    "/corporate@example.org"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "username": "bill.foobar@example.org",
+   "enabled": true,
+   "email": "bill.foobar@example.org",
+   "emailVerified": true,
+   "firstName": "Bill",
+   "lastName": "Foobar",
+   "credentials": [
+    {
+     "type": "password",
+     "value": "this is an OIDC password",
+     "temporary": false
+    }
+   ],
+   "groups": [
+    "/corporate@example.org"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "groups": [
+  {
+   "name": "sales@example.org",
+   "path": "/sales@example.org"
+  },
+  {
+   "name": "corporate@example.org",
+   "path": "/corporate@example.org"
+  }
+ ],
+ "id": "inbuxa",
+ "displayName": "inbuxa test realm"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/src/directory/oidc.rs b/tests/src/directory/oidc.rs
index be7e158..6284097 100644
--- a/tests/src/directory/oidc.rs
+++ b/tests/src/directory/oidc.rs
@@ -37,9 +37,13 @@ const JANE: &str = "jane.smith@example.org";
 const BILL: &str = "bill.foobar@example.org";
 
 fn directory(tenant: Option<Id>) -> structs::Directory {
+    realm_directory("stalwart", tenant)
+}
+
+fn realm_directory(realm: &str, tenant: Option<Id>) -> structs::Directory {
     structs::Directory::Oidc(OidcDirectory {
-        description: "Keycloak".to_string(),
-        issuer_url: "http://localhost:9080/realms/stalwart".to_string(),
+        description: format!("Keycloak {realm}"),
+        issuer_url: format!("http://localhost:9080/realms/{realm}"),
         claim_username: "email".to_string(),
         claim_name: Some("name".to_string()),
         claim_groups: Some("groups".to_string()),
@@ -234,7 +238,7 @@ pub async fn test() {
     assert!(bearer(&test, None, "not a token").await.is_err(), "test 17");
 
     // Test 16: JWTs the directory must refuse (DIR-26)
-    let header = |alg: &str, kid: Option<&str>| {
+    let header = |alg: &str, kid: Option<&str>| -> serde_json::Value {
         let mut header = json!({"alg": alg, "typ": "JWT"});
         if let Some(kid) = kid {
             header["kid"] = json!(kid);
@@ -299,6 +303,48 @@ pub async fn test() {
         .await;
     assert_eq!(rcpt(BILL).await, '2', "test 8: created by an administrator");
 
+    // Test 10: each domain's own provider answers discovery (DIR-12)
+    let second = admin
+        .registry_create_object(realm_directory("inbuxa", None))
+        .await;
+    let other_domain = admin
+        .registry_create_object(Domain {
+            is_enabled: true,
+            name: "second.example.org".to_string(),
+            certificate_management: CertificateManagement::Manual,
+            dns_management: DnsManagement::Manual,
+            dkim_management: DkimManagement::Manual,
+            directory_id: Some(second),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+        .await;
+    let http = reqwest::Client::builder()
+        .danger_accept_invalid_certs(true)
+        .build()
+        .unwrap();
+    for (address, realm) in [
+        (JOHN, "realms/stalwart"),
+        ("someone@second.example.org", "realms/inbuxa"),
+    ] {
+        let document = http
+            .get(format!("https://127.0.0.1:8899/api/discover/{address}"))
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .text()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(document.contains(realm), "test 10: {address}: {document}");
+    }
+    for (domain, realm) in [
+        ("example.org", "realms/stalwart"),
+        ("second.example.org", "realms/inbuxa"),
+    ] {
+        let pacc = server(&test).get_pacc_for_domain(domain).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(pacc.contains(realm), "test 10: PACC for {domain}: {pacc}");
+    }
+    let _ = other_domain;
+
     // Test 13: sign-in can't pass a tenant's limit (DIR-15)
     let tenant = admin
         .registry_create_object(Tenant {
@@ -335,6 +381,50 @@ pub async fn test() {
         "test 13: limit.tenant-quota"
     );
 
+    // Test 18: an outage isn't a wrong password (DIR-30)
+    admin
+        .registry_update_setting(
+            structs::Security {
+                auth_ban_rate: Some(structs::Rate {
+                    count: 3,
+                    period: registry::types::duration::Duration::from_millis(60_000),
+                }),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            &[Property::AuthBanRate],
+        )
+        .await;
+    admin.reload_settings().await;
+    // An opaque token has to reach the provider's userinfo endpoint, so with
+    // the provider stopped this is an outage, not a bad token
+    crate::utils::containers::docker("stop", "stalwart-test-keycloak");
+    for attempt in 0..8 {
+        let err = bearer(&test, Some(JOHN), "an-opaque-token")
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            !err.matches(trc::EventType::Security(
+                trc::SecurityEvent::AuthenticationBan
+            )),
+            "test 18: an outage counted toward the ban (attempt {attempt})"
+        );
+    }
+    crate::utils::containers::docker("start", "stalwart-test-keycloak");
+    crate::utils::containers::ensure_keycloak().await;
+
+    // ... but bad tokens are, and they end in a ban
+    let mut banned = false;
+    for _ in 0..8 {
+        let err = bearer(&test, Some(JOHN), "not.a.token").await.unwrap_err();
+        if err.matches(trc::EventType::Security(
+            trc::SecurityEvent::AuthenticationBan,
+        )) {
+            banned = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(banned, "test 18: bad tokens must end in a ban");
+
     let _ = tenant_domain;
     test.temp_dir.delete();
 }
diff --git a/tests/src/utils/containers.rs b/tests/src/utils/containers.rs
index f77031f..519c91d 100644
--- a/tests/src/utils/containers.rs
+++ b/tests/src/utils/containers.rs
@@ -307,6 +307,11 @@ pub async fn ensure_keycloak() {
                     "/opt/keycloak/data/import/stalwart-realm.json",
                     include_bytes!("../../docker/keycloak/stalwart-realm.json").to_vec(),
                 )
+                // inbuxa: a second provider, for per-domain directories (test 10)
+                .with_copy_to(
+                    "/opt/keycloak/data/import/inbuxa-realm.json",
+                    include_bytes!("../../docker/keycloak/inbuxa-realm.json").to_vec(),
+                )
                 .with_mapped_port(9080, 9080.tcp())
                 .with_startup_timeout(READY_TIMEOUT)
                 .with_container_name("stalwart-test-keycloak")
@@ -317,6 +322,7 @@ pub async fn ensure_keycloak() {
         })
         .await;
     wait_for_http("http://localhost:9080/realms/stalwart/.well-known/openid-configuration").await;
+    wait_for_http("http://localhost:9080/realms/inbuxa/.well-known/openid-configuration").await;
 }
 
 pub async fn ensure_scim_tester() -> &'static ContainerAsync<GenericImage> {